Charity: High Schools

AP English Charity Many people donate to charity in their everyday lives, while others do it as an assignment. Individuals even give to charity just to receive money, gifts, or bonuses in return. Giving to charity portrays an act that certain people want to do for others, by the goodness of their hearts. However, then why do high schools ask their students who perform these tasks for a reward, such as extra credit and the ability to graduate? High schools that offer incentives for charitable acts become unethical since it takes away from the true meaning of giving. Teachers who offer students bonus points to those who bring in money, food, etc. don’t realize other people’s socioeconomic status. Although, by offering a reward will result in more students participating, those who live less fortunately may not obtain the food or clothing to donate. Families may be low on money; therefore enabling their children to donate to the cause and resulting in their child not receive bonus points since they need such items for themselves. High schools who offer incentives do not fairly give each student an equal opportunity. Donating for grades appears as unjust and irrational since not everyone may be able to afford it, while donating without expecting anything in return remains reasonable to everyone in society. At Wahlert Catholic High School we do not exchange donations for grades. It appears required of us to perform acts of giving to those of the community who reach out in need of it, without anything in return and enabling us to graduate. We do, however, arrange collections to help those in need. For example, when Japan experienced a tsunami, the whole school came together and raised a great deal of money to send over and help out. We donated from our hearts since we didn’t get anything in return. We remain left with the satisfaction of helping those in dire need of it. Therefore, the ways of the high schools such as Wahlert Catholic, happen to exist as ethical and portrays the truth behind giving to others in need. At Mazzuchelli Catholic Middle School, we did the very opposite and exchanged money for the right to come out of dress code. Yes, by doing this a lot of students got to wear whatever they wanted and the school raised a good chunk of money to give to nearby charities. However, the students gave their (or their parents) money not by thinking about the charities, but the clothes they became capable of wearing. This defeats the purpose of giving and carrying out the true Christian ways. Schools, such as Mazzuchelli, mean well by giving the opportunity to its children to do something new, in this case, no uniforms for the day. However, they should teach the kids the real reason to donated money, without the incentives they may receive. As Catholics, we should act in the way Jesus would and for the right purpose. We often ask ourselves, â€Å"What would Jesus do? † and wonder if giving to charity for a grade exists as the right thing? High schools need to encourage students to go out of their ways for others. Those who give to charity carry out their Christian morals by following in Jesus’ footsteps and doing what he would want his followers to do. On the other hand, by gaining extra credit or carrying through with charitable acts just to graduate exposes the wrong message. High schools that pursue these sorts of encouragements exist fair-minded, although others may argue it undermines the true value of charity. Students who give their time and possessions to charity act as true Christians and seem right minded. However, those who complete charitable deeds just to obtain objects in return portray immoral and wicked actions. High schools that offer its students the choice of donating for improving their grades usually mean well, but by doing this, it does not teach the kids the reason why they serve. High school students know to do what appears right and live out Jesus’ laws. Pursuing the act of donation affects many people and families, as well as influencing others to give. Therefore, carrying through the act of donation within high schools without any rewards reveals individuals as altruistic and leaves them with the knowledge of the true meaning of giving.

Coleman Managerial Report

R. C/ Coleman distribute a variety of food products that are sold through grocery store and supermarket outlets. The company receives orders directly from the individual outlets, with a typical order requesting the delivery of several cases of anywhere from 20 to 50 different products. Under the company’s current warehouse operation, warehouse clerks dispatch order-picking personnel to fill each order and have the goods moved to the warehouse shipping area.Because of the high labour costs and relatively low productivity of hand order-picking, management has decided to automate the warehouse operation by installing a computer-controlled order-picking system, along with a conveyor system for moving goods from storage to the warehouse shipping area. R. C. Coleman’s director for material management has been named the project manager in charge of the automated warehouse system. After consulting with members of the engineering staff and warehouse management personnel, the dir ector compiled a list of activities associated with the project.The optimistic, most probable and pessimistic times (on weeks) have also been provided for each activity. Activity A B C D E F G H I J K Description Determine equipment needs Obtain vendor proposals Select vendor Order system Design new warehouse layout Design warehouse Design computer interface Interface computer Install system Train system operators Test system Immediate Predecessor A, B C C E C D, F, G D, F H I, J Activity Optimistic Time Most Probable Pessimistic A B C 4 6 2 6 8 4 8 16 6 Page 1 D E F G H I J K 8 7 4 4 4 4 3 2 0 10 6 6 6 6 4 4 24 13 8 20 8 14 5 6 Managerial Report Develop a report that present the activity schedule and expected project completion time for the warehouse expansion project. Include a project network in the report. In addition, take into consideration the following issues: 1. R. C. Coleman’s top management established a required 40-week completion time for the project. Can this co mpletion time be achieved? Include probability information in your discussion. What recommendations do you have if the 40-week completion time is required? 2.Suppose that management requests that activity times be shored to provide an 80 percent chance of meeting the 40-week completion time. If the variance in the project completion time is the same as you found in part (1), how much should he expected project completion time be shortened to achieve the goal of an 80 percent chance of completion within 40 weeks? 3. Using of expected activity times as the normal times and the following crashing information, determine the activity crashing decisions and revised activity schedule for the warehouse expansion project.Costs ($) Activity Crashed Activity Time (weeks) A B 4 7 Normal 1,000 1,000 Crashed 1,900 1,800 Page 2 C D E F G H I J K 2 8 7 4 5 4 4 3 3 1,500 2,000 5,000 3,000 8,000 5,000 10,000 4,000 5,000 2,700 3,200 8,000 4,100 10,250 6,400 12,400 4,400 5,500 END OF QUESTIONS MANAGERI AL REPORTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Objective Introduction Methodology Analysis & Discussion Recommendation Conclusion Reference Appendix Page 3 1. Objective Introduction This report is the analysis study of R. C. Coleman Company; a company on distribution business with varieties of food products that are sold through grocery store and supermarket outlets.The company receives orders directly from the individual outlets, with a typical orders requesting the delivery of several cases of anywhere from 20 to 50 different products. Present company’s current warehouse operation, the practise which has been utilized manually by warehouse clerks. The dispatch order-picking personnel are to fill each order and have the goods moved to the warehouse shipping area. Manual operation has been rationale as high labour cost and low productivity on the distribution system. Management has decided to change into automate the warehouse operation with the objective to improve on the operations and ut put efficiency. R. C. Coleman’s top management has established requirement of 40-weeks completion time for the project of installation of computer-controlled order-picking system, this come along with conveyor system for moving goods from storage to the warehouse shipping area. The management also has drawn up others requirement and completion percentage at any particular time. The establishment of the report will be base objectively to analyse and examine all possibilities on the predetermine activities on the project network and completion time for the warehouse distribution upgrading project of R.C. Coleman Company. Hence, the result from this report is vital Page 4 information required to the company’s top management team to make effective decision for this project meeting with business objective and goal. 2. Methodology Upon appointed as Project Manager, Mr R. C. Coleman is responsible for planning, scheduling and controlling the project that consist of numerous s eparate jobs or task performed by a variety department and individual. The project team need to establish the project network and making the analysis based on the Quantitative Approaches to Decision Making processes.In order to draw up project network, the team need information on the project activities involved and time required. As this project is rather new and they had never attempted before by the team, Mr Coleman have to establish the time by estimation. The activities are following the concept of probability distribution whereby they have to determine by estimating each activities time at a range of possible value. After a meeting with his project team, he has established a list of activities associated with the project as per below; Table 1: Project Activities and links Activity Description Immediate Predecessor A, B C A B C DDetermine equipment needs Obtain vendor proposals Select vendor Order system Page 5 E F G H I J K Design new warehouse layout Design warehouse Design c omputer interface Interface computer Install system Train system operators Test system C E C D, F, G D, F H I, J The incorporation of uncertainty activity with estimating time above is defined as; i. ii. Optimistic time (a) = the minimum activity time if everything progresses ideally. Most Probable time (m) = condition. iii. Pessimistic time (b) = the maximum activity time if significant delays are encountered Below table is the result for the uncertain activities time achieved.Table 2: Probable timing in weeks Time Optimistic Activity (a) (m) A B C 4 6 2 6 8 4 8 16 6 Most Probable (b) Pessimistic the most probable activity time under normal Page 6 D E F G H I J K 8 7 4 4 4 4 3 2 10 10 6 6 6 6 4 4 24 13 8 20 8 14 5 6 To ensure that the project is progressing as planned, Mr Coleman is advised to utilize and incorporate the analysis with the concept of probability distribution; Project Scheduling with Uncertain Activity Times. Such situation, the understanding and utilization of Progr am Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Program of Critical Path Method (CPM) has proven to be extremely valuable.The PERT/CPM system will furnish to project manager on the information of project planning, scheduling and the progress of the project so that he able to coordinate and monitoring the project and be complete as expected by the management. 4. Discussion Analysis When the top management of R. C. Coleman has decided to modernize and expand the current warehouse and its distribution system, there is certain project requirement and goal has been drawn up to the project manager and the team to find out the feasibility to achieve target goal on the completion timing and possible percentage.Hence, the analysis will be representing on each part of the management requirement. There is two parts as per below: PART 1 Page 7 Apart from to find out the project completion time, the project Manager; R. C. Coleman has to find out the possibility that this expansion project could be complete within 40 weeks. Upon finding the result, he needs to come out on recommendation to supporting the result. Various parts below is to solving as per PERT/CPM steps procedures; PART 1 (a) Project Network Flow and VarianceThe identified activities and links from the table one (1) above require illustration in form of work flow chart using CPM /PERT technique to analysis further in determining critical activities and critical path for the project. Figure three (3) below is the project network depicting the activities and linkage of immediate predecessors on each individual activity from start until complete. Figure 3: R. C. Coleman Project Network. Part 1 (b) Expected Project Time, Project Network and Completion Time. Page 8To illustrate the project network with PERT/CPM procedures and finding the completion time, the three (3) estimate time above should be calculate and convert to expected time. Expected time (t) can be finding with the formula; Expected Time (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 Upon finding the result on expected time, we could analysis to determine ‘start’ and ‘finish’ time for each activities from starting the project until completion. At the end of the flow we could establish that on the total time required to complete the project based on calculation of expected time. Below is the determine project network work flow and estimated completion time in weeks.Figure 4: Project network flow and completion time E 13 23 10 13 23 A 6 0 3 6 9 C 4 B 9 0 0 9 9 9 9 13 13 G 8 13 21 21 29 F 6 23 29 23 29 START H 6 29 35 29 35 I 7 29 36 32 39 K 4 39 43 39 43 FINISH (43 WEEKS) D 13 25 12 17 29 J 4 35 39 35 39 From the project network work flow at figure four (4) above, we have noted that the R. C. Coleman warehouse expansion project and conveyor system distribution upgrading will be completed at 43 weeks. Page 9 The team also needs to determine the slack associated with each activity. The term ‘Slack’ is the length of time of a n activity can be delayed without increasing the project completion time.The amount of slack of an activity is computed as follows; Slack = LS – ES = LF – EF Conversely, the activities which appear having zero slack is the critical activity whereby delaying in this process or steps could post an effect to total project schedule completion timing. As ruled, with uncertainty activity times, the team must aware that the differences between those three estimation time (Optimistic, most probable and pessimistic) could give great effect on the value of the variance. The term ‘variance’ is indication on the dispersion or variation in the activities time value. The value of variance could calculate with this formula; 2 = 2 Having greater value between tis value among the activities could give great reflect a high degree of uncertainty in the activity time. For easy to overview on the whole project, we have summarize the information into table manners as on Table f ive (5) below; Table 5: Project network summary information and critical path. Activity Expected Time Variance Earliest Start (ES) Latest Start (LS) 3 0 9 Earliest Finish (EF) 6 9 13 Latest Finish (LF) 9 9 13 Slack LS – ES 3 0 0 Critical path A B C 6 9 4 0. 44 2. 78 0. 44 0 0 9 YES YES Page 10 D E F G H I J K 12 10 6 8 6 7 4 4 7. 11 1 0. 44 7. 11 0. 44 2. 78 0. 11 0. 44 3 13 23 13 29 29 35 39 17 13 23 21 29 32 35 39 25 23 29 21 35 36 39 43 29 23 29 29 35 39 39 43 4 0 0 8 0 3 0 0 YES YES YES YES YES Part 1 (c) Critical Path and the Curve From the table above, we could note that the activity schedule for the warehouse expansion project which shows zero slack is the critical path for the project is; B – C – E – F – H – J – K. From the critical path shown, the expected time of the project is E (t) = tB + tC + tE + tF + tH + tJ + tK = 9 + 4 + 10 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 = 43 Weeks Hence, the variance in the project completion time is the sum of the variance on the critical path activities, which is; 2 = ? B + ? C + ? E + ? F + ? H + ? J + ? K = 2. 78 + 0. 44 + 1. 0 + 0. 44 + 0. 44 + 0. 11 + 0. 44 = 5. 65 ? = = 2. 38 Page 11 Figure 6: Standard Normal Distribution Curve STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE AREAS ? = 2. 38 EXPECTED COMPLETION TIME (T) 43 TIME (T) WEEKS Since the top management of R. C. Coleman allotted 40 week to complete the project, the probability distribution is; Z = = = – 1. 26 With the obtained value ‘z’ is -1. 26, we could enter the normal distribution from the table and we found out that; Project time (T) Z ? 40 weeks = -1. 26 Standard Normal distribution value = 0. 962 So, the probability that the R. C Coleman Project would complete 40 weeks or less is; Z = 0. 50 – 0. 3962 = 0. 1038 Page 12 ? 10. 38 % Figure 7: Standard Normal Distribution Curve with Target Weeks STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE AREAS When (T) = 40 z = (40 -43) / 2. 38 z = – 1. 26 ? = 2. 38 EXPECTED COM PLETION TIME 40 z = -1. 26 43 z=0 TIME (T) WEEKS With that result above, the top management of R. C Coleman is advised that the chances of completion of project on 40 weeks is doubtful and impossible to achieve as the percentage shows is very slim; approximate about 10 percent chances only.Hence, we recommend that the top management consider shortening activities time by adding more resources into it and by applying ‘crashing’ technique on the appropriate activities. PART 2 Considering that the project could complete with 80 per cent at 40th Week with a variance reference is maintained same as on part (I), Mr. Coleman need to find out on the possibility time to be shortened to achieve of 80 per cent chances of completion of project is within 40 weeks. In part one (1) of the analysis, we have found that the probability to complete the project within 40 weeks is only at 10 per cent.At this part, we need further analysis on the probability that the project will be meeting the 40-week completion time is at 80 per cent and a Normal Distribution Table with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1 is referred with the variance (z) is 2. 38; Based on the formula; Z = Page 13 Let say, P (T ? 40 weeks) = 0. 5 + Zn = 80% or 0. 8 0. 8 = 0. 5 + Zn Zn = 0. 8 – 0. 5 = 0. 3000 Using the new mean value or Zn = 0. 3000 and we will enter the table for normal distribution to find the closest value ‘z’. So, the closest value for Zn = 0. 300 is 0. 2995 where the closest normal probability distribution z at E (Tn) is equal to 0. 4. If the variance (z) is maintained at 2. 38, then in the project completion time is; Z = z = (T- E (Tn)) / 2. 38 = 0. 84 (T – E (Tn)) = 0. 84 x 2. 38 (40- E (Tn)) = 1. 9992 or 2. 0 E (Tn) = 40 – 2. 0 = 38 weeks. We have determine from the above calculation shows that the project completion time is shortened to 38 weeks in order to achieve the goal of an 80% chances in order to complete within 40 weeks. Fig ure 8 below showing the probability of the project to provide an 80 per cent probability chances of meeting 40-week of completion project time. Figure 8: Standard Normal Distribution Curve with Percentage Target Weeks.Page 14 STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE AREAS When (T) = 40 z = (40 -38) / 2. 38 z = 0. 84 ? = 2. 38 PLAN COMPLETION TIME @ 80% EXPECTED COMPLETION TIME 38 z=0 40 z = -1. 26 TIME (T) WEEKS 5. Conclusion Upon the completion on the calculation and analysis for both part; (1) and (2), Mr. R. C. Coleman; the appointed Project Manager on the upgrading the premises to automated warehouse system may advise to top management of the Company that on both part the result obtained on the requirement stipulated by the Management seems doubtful and is difficult to achieve.In order to pursue the objective goal, top management is advised to consider and approve to Mr. R. C. Coleman to exercise shortening activity times at part (1). This shortening in other words is known as ‘ crushing’ technique. Those activities time may require additional resources, either man power or financial in order to complete or meeting the percentage goal which has vision by the top management. Page 15 6. Reference An Introduction to Management Science; Quantitative Approaches to Decision Making. 13th Edition, Anderson, Sweeney, Williams & Martin. 7. Appendix R. C. COLEMAN PROJECT NETWORKPage 16 A Determine equipment need E Design new warehouse F Design warehouse I Install System G Design computer H Interface Computer J Train system operators START C Select vendor K Test system FINISH B Obtain vendor proposal D Order system TO FIND EXPECTED TIME (t); Time Activity Optimistic Most Probable a A B C D E F G H I J 4 6 2 8 7 4 4 4 4 3 m 6 8 4 10 10 6 6 6 6 4 b 8 16 6 24 13 8 20 8 14 5 Pessimistic Page 17 K 2 4 6 The incorporation of uncertainty activity with estimating time above is defined as; i. Optimistic time (a) = the minimum activity time if everything progresses ideall y. ii.Most Probable time (m) = the most probable activity time under normal condition. iii. Pessimistic time (b) = the maximum activity time if significant delays are encountered Expected time (t) can be finding with the formula; Expected Time (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 1. For activity time A, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (4+6(4) +8) / 6 (t) = 6 2. For activity time B, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (6+8(4) +16) / 6 (t) = 9 3. For activity time C, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (2+4(4) +6) / 6 (t) = 4 4. For activity time D, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (8+10(4) +24) / 6 (t) = 12 5.For activity time E, the time average is ; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (7+10(4) +13) / 6 (t) = 10 6. For activity time F, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (4+6(4) +8) / 6 (t) = 6 Page 18 7. For activity time G, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (4+6(4) +20) / 6 (t) = 8 8. For activity time H, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (4+6(4) +8) / 6 (t) = 6 9. For activity time I, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (4+6(4) +14) / 6 (t) = 7 10. For activity time J, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (3+4(4) +5) / 6 (t) = 4 11.For activity time K, the time average is; (t) = (a+4m+b) / 6 (t) = (2+4(4) +6) / 6 (t) = 4 With uncertainty time, we need to find the variance in order to describe the dispersion or variation in the activity time values. The variance of the activity time is given by the formula; ?2 = 2 1. The variance for activity A is; ? 2A = 2 = (8-4/6)2 = (2/3)2 = 0. 44 2. The variance for activity B is; Page 19 ?2B = 2 = (16-6/6)2 = (10/6)2 = 2. 78 3. The variance for activity C is; ? 2C = 2 = (6-2/6)2 = (2/3)2 = 0. 44 4. The variance for activity D is; ? 2D = 2 = (24-8/6)2 = (16/6)2 = 7. 11 5. The variance for activity E is; ? E = 2 = (13-7/6)2 = (6/6)2 = 1 6. The variance for activity F is; ? 2F = 2 = (8-4/6)2 = (2/3)2 = 0. 44 7. The variance for activity G is; ? 2G = ? 2H = 2 = (20-4/6)2 = (16/6)2 = 7. 11 = (8-4/6)2 = (2/3)2 = 0. 44 8. The variance for activity H is; 2 9. The variance for activity I is; ? 2I = 2 = (14-4/6)2 = (10/6)2 = 2. 78 10. The variance for activity J is; ? 2J = 2 = (5-3/6)2 = (1/3)2 = 0. 11 11. The variance for activity K is; ? 2K = 2 = (6-2/6)2 = (2/3)2 = 0. 44 Hence, the table below is the summary from the calculation of expected time and the variance of each activity; EXPECTED TIME AND VARIANCE FOR THE R.C. COLEMAN COMPANY PROJECT ACTIVITES Activity Expected time (week) A 6 0. 44 Variance Page 20 B C D E F G H I J K 9 4 12 10 6 8 6 7 4 4 2. 78 0. 44 7. 11 1 0. 44 7. 11 0. 44 2. 78 0. 11 0. 44 Activity Expected Time 6 9 4 12 10 6 8 6 7 4 4 Variance Earliest Start (ES) 0 0 9 13 13 23 13 29 29 35 39 Latest Start (LS) 3 0 9 17 13 23 21 29 32 35 39 Earliest Finish (EF) 6 9 13 25 23 29 21 35 36 39 43 Latest Finish (LF) 9 9 13 29 23 29 29 35 39 39 43 Slack LS – ES 3 0 0 4 0 0 8 0 3 0 0 Critical path A B C D E F G H I J K 0. 44 2. 78 0. 44 7. 11 1 0. 44 7. 11 0. 44 2. 78 0. 11 0. 44YES YES YES YES YES YES YES From the table above we could note that the activity schedule for the warehouse expansion project which shows zero slack is the critical path for the project; B – C – E – F – H – J – K. From the critical path shown, the expected time of the project is E (t) = tB + tC + tE + tF + tH + tJ + tK = 9 + 4 + 10 + 6 + 6 + 4 + 4 = 43 WEEKS Page 21 Project network flow and completion time E 13 23 10 13 23 A 6 0 3 6 9 C 4 B 9 0 0 9 9 9 9 13 13 G 8 13 21 21 29 F 6 23 23 29 29 START H 6 29 29 35 35 I 7 29 36 32 39 K 4 39 39 43 43 FINISH (43 WEEKS) D 13 25 12 17 29 J 4 35 39 35 39Hence, the variance in the project completion time is the sum of the variance on the critical path activities, which is ?2 = ? B + ? C + ? E + ? F + ? H + ? J + ? K = 2. 78 + 0. 44 + 1. 0 + 0. 44 + 0. 44 + 0. 11 + 0. 44 = 5. 65 ? = = 2. 38 Z = = Since the management allotted 40 week to comple te the project, the probability distribution Z = = -1. 26 Page 22 Using the table for standard distribution had shown that the value area of 1. 26 is 0. 3962. So the probability of the project will be complete at 40 weeks is P (40 weeks) = 0. 5 -0. 3962 = 0. 1038 ? 10. 38 % Standard Normal Distribution CurveSTANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE AREAS ? = 2. 38 EXPECTED COMPLETION TIME (T) 43 TIME (T) WEEKS Standard Normal Distribution Curve with Target Weeks Page 23 STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE AREAS When (T) = 40 z = (40 -43) / 2. 38 z = – 1. 26 ? = 2. 38 EXPECTED COMPLETION TIME 40 z = -1. 26 43 z=0 TIME (T) WEEKS Standard Normal Distribution Curve with Percentage Target Weeks. STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE AREAS When (T) = 40 z = (40 -38) / 2. 38 z = 0. 84 ? = 2. 38 PLAN COMPLETION TIME @ 80% EXPECTED COMPLETION TIME 38 z=0 40 z = -1. 26 TIME (T) WEEKS END OF REPORT Page 24

Women, Advertising, & the Ottoman Empire

In this paper, I intend to look at the issues of advertising and women in the Ottoman Empire. I will identify how advertising forms had the ability of impacting women within in the Ottoman Empire as well as how the advertising forms had a general impact on Ottoman society as a whole. I will mainly focus on the nineteenth century and twentieth century in my analysis. However, I will make reference to the conditions that preceded the context of my analysis.First, I want to elaborate on the context from which I begin my enquiry. The Ottoman Empire didn’t feel the true forces of modernization until around the nineteenth century. Some have identified the date at which the Ottoman regime faced political, financial, and social challenges associated with modernization as the 1830s. As the regime began to feel the impacts of modernization, the Sultan felt the pressures from European powers. Soon the military and the bureaucratic apparatus begin to show signs of strain. Of course, the c hallenges associated with modernization ultimately reached the society as a whole.At this time, there was a flood of mass-produced goods. Many of these goods came from different trade agreements that had recently been signed with the European states. The influx of goods and increased trade diminished the traditional guild methods of production as well as consumption throughout the Empire. At the time, the urban areas in the Empire could have been described as cosmopolitan. The major cities were a combination of minority groups, Europeans, Levantines, and a wealthy bureaucratic class who were largely accepting of European ways of living and European ideals.I mention this context in order to show how modernization had begun to affect the region. I also want to highlight how the cities within the Ottoman Empire were becoming highly diversified. In other words, the Empire was undergoing major shifts toward a more multiethnic character as well as shifts toward an acceptance of European o r â€Å"Western† ways of living. At the turn of the twentieth century, the makeup of the Ottoman Empire was a mixture between Turkish Ottomans, Armenians, Jews, Muslims, Greeks, and Europeans. Complex cultural and religious groupings such as this inherently demand a market for a diverse range of roducts. Not until the 1860s did Western companies enter the Ottoman markets. However, when the Western influences entered the Ottoman realm, a tendency toward liberal economic policies had already been instituted along with quickly advancing cultural and social developments.Many scholars refer to the entrance of, for instance, Western marketing forces, as the systematic Westernization of urban spaces within the Empire (Duben & Behar 1991). During the times between the 1870s and 1914, multinational companies were fueling the process of globalization (Jones 2005). This transition in business practice (e. g. lobalization) was thought to move from the more advanced parts of the world to less industrial areas (Wilkins 2005). Of course, the Ottoman Empire was one of the first regions to be affected by globalization. Most scholarly surveys focus on the notion that Western companies operating in the Ottoman Empire are premised on the ideas of imperialism or dependency. However, these types of analysis are lacking in the appropriate scope. To actually understand the situation of the time from a perspective that moves beyond simple readings that claim imperialistic forces were at play, it is good to look at the Ottoman consumer culture.The consumer culture was perhaps best represented in the ways companies advertised their products. It is also important to look at who the buyers of these products were and what the perception of these buyers ultimately was. In this paper, I will be focusing on marketing and advertising in order to advance an analysis of the late-Ottoman Empire as something other than a casualty of modernization. I now wish to transition to my primary topic of women and advertising in the Ottoman Empire. I suppose one could term the era I am looking at â€Å"late-Ottoman† society.Though this term is not extremely helpful for the purposes of my paper, I believe it does accurately represent a series of notions held by Ottoman scholars, and it seems helpful to at least keep in mind. However, I will primarily be looking at women insofar as consumption or the emergence of modern goods impacted women and catered to the desires of women in the Empire. Given the modern emergence I discussed earlier, women were beginning to develop expectations and images of the modern lifestyle, and this was beginning to attract them.Not surprisingly, advertising around this time focused heavily on women’s attitudes toward this attractive new lifestyle. Since I am primarily concerned with women in my analysis, I will look at publications geared toward women. From these publications and advertisements, the areas of entertainment, wealth, foo d, education, etc. , will be uncovered for their respective changes that were brought about by modernization. In terms of gender, the twentieth century marked a time of tension as it pertained to perceptions of women, especially among the Ottoman elite.This occurred alongside many of the same issues associated with modernization I mentioned earlier. However, other areas of change were being displayed by changes in women’s education and the increased spread of modern ideals in the media. As women’s education was transforming, ideas were being raised in the popular media as to the concepts of gender. Some authors and scholars from the early 1900s even debated the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in terms of the relationship between women and the Empire itself.As in other parts of the world, the common themes relating to gender—marriage, women’s proper role, divorce, motherhood—were being politicized and debated. As a response to this shift, some s cholars began to focus on the Ottoman state’s self-initiated reforms and how these reforms brought about things such as a women’s popular press. Of course, much information used in the debate about gender today is drawn from the popular images of the time, which originated from social avenues of life such as consumption.For instance, advertisements found in women’s journals showed evidence of how women were beginning to perceive, for example, roles of other upper-class women (Basci 2004). First, I think it is important to consider advertising itself in terms of its presence in the Ottoman Empire. Advertising was a brand new industry that had just come about in the early 1900s insofar as the Ottomans were concerned. Many of the first advertisements were specifically marketed to Ottoman women by merchants who were aware of their target demographic.The women depicted in these advertisements portrayed a largely unmediated image of consumers. These types of consumers were depicted as elite women who were educated to a degree (in that they read). Before the establishment of the Turkish republic, there were in excess of forty different women’s publications. Most of these women’s publications came about after 1908, when the reinstatement of the Ottoman constitution occurred. The reinstatement of the constitution, or the event that was referred to as the constitutional revolution, gave the Ottoman press and unprecedented amount of freedom.An article I referenced by Palin Basci looked at the feminist journal entitled Women’s World. This journal came about in 1913 and was in print for eight years. The journal was thought to represent a platform for discussing gender relations. Furthermore, it was believed that Women’s World was a symbol of a new type of world for Ottoman women (Cakir 1994). In fact, the publication was actually published by the Association for the Defense of Women’s Rights. For my enquiry, I want to look at this journal due to the particularly thorough amount of scholarly research that looks at this publication.Furthermore, Women’s World is believed to have been one of the most consistent and visible publications for women during the Ottoman period. The journal was also published by women. Within the journal there were editorial articles, stories, letters, translations, and advertisements. Basci argues that the advertisements in the publication, â€Å"contributed to, and were, in turn, shaped by the emergency of new avenues of power and participation for women† (Basci 2004, 37). After one year in publication, the weekly issue of Women’s World began to contain notices for goods and services that focused on a female consumer base.The types of goods being targeted to the readers were goods that would have been considered â€Å"natural† goods for the time for a female consumer. For example, these advertisements covered topics such as fashion, health, an d beauty. Additionally, the featured advertisements were created in large part to appeal to women’s awareness of self-image issues. The other types of advertisements focused on issues relating to entertainment, leisure, food, wealth, and education. The types of advertisements commonly found in Women’s World portrayed women of all standings in life.The advertisements also had the effect of portraying women who were teachers, mothers, and wives as consumers of health books, movies, delicatessens, restaurants, legal services, and maid services. The advertisements also give insight into the broader questions of the time period, such as the consumption patterns of women, and how these patterns were influenced by an internationalized market. In the following, I will mainly focus on the issue of education, and how this theme played an important role in late-Ottoman advertising and its impacts on women.Many female readers of the popular publications of the time were being subj ect to further solicitation from educational publications. Interestingly, women were targeted by magazines that covered politically and social relevant issues that pertained to the development of the Empire. Basci points out that these advertisements ranged between books on womanhood and love, to issues of national interest and liberty. As an example, Women’s World advertised the journal entitled Ictihad, which was intended for individuals who supported the ideas of free thought, â€Å"liberty from oppression,† and intellectual evolution.One interesting trend that I would like to identify here is how the publications such as Ictihad (which stands for â€Å"opinions†) acknowledged how women should be interested in live beyond the home and ought to look toward the world and its customs and issues of significance. Within the publication, tutors of German, English, and French offered their services. In addition to these language opportunities for Ottoman women, diff erent ads advertised classes in painting, photography, and music. The ads often expressed a desire in catering to both Muslim and non-Muslim women, which is also an interesting point to consider.Just prior to the emergence of these type of ads as well as following the introduction of these ads, activities such as arts, piano, and languages were becoming increasingly viewed as lady-like and sophisticated. Many of the available tutors in the advertisements were non-Muslim, which may have posed an issue in the times preceding. Of course, all of these ideas of education and gaining the skills of refinement had an effect on Ottoman society as a whole, in that it complicated the common female conventions that had existed for many years. Furthermore, the skills being taught were emphasizing Western ideas and techniques.In terms of music lessons, Western music and instruments were being used. Common religious and folk songs were being taught in introductory courses, which would have been lo oked down upon in times prior. Perhaps most importantly, the skill of mastering a European language was viewed as more socially important than being well-versed at the Arabic language or Koranic scholarship. I mention these examples to emphasize how once conservative Islamic regions were beginning to favor European ideas and skills over the historically important skills such as Islamic scholarship.Another interesting thing to note is that the tutors offering their services in Women’s publications were not only female. Some male tutors were offering their services to women, which radically disrupted the conventions of Ottoman women. For instance, most upper-class Ottoman women carried a stereotypical notion that they lived segregated lives. Furthermore, men would sometimes seek the services of women who advertised services in the women’s publications. Some Ottoman women began offering their services as domestic maids until they married.In total, I want to portray how th e Muslim women who read women’s publications around the turn of the twentieth century were exposed to and encouraged to engage with the world around them. They were encouraged to depart from their common domestic spheres and experience what the world had to offer. Of these women, as portrayed by the types of ads in the common publications, many were interested in education as well as issues relating to philosophy, war, and ethnicity. Furthermore, the actual existence of independent women’s publications symbolizes a significant shift in Ottoman society.The publications symbolize a type of woman who was clearly engaged in the social, economic, and political dimensions around her. A past emphasis on male driven advertisement targeting was now switching toward a focus on women and their relation to the larger Ottoman markets and urban lifestyles. Women were starting to manage their own money to a degree and desired to learn new languages. Also, women became actively involv ed in equipping the homes with phones and electricity. These women were also likely to attend a drama performance by themselves or have their portrait taken by a photographer listed in the women’s publications.Perhaps most importantly, the advertisements offered to Ottoman women signaled the ability for Ottoman women to take full advantage of modern conveniences. Rather than living domestic lives and concerning themselves with child-rearing, women had the time and freedom to engage in activities such as volunteering and socializing. As female socializing became more prevalent, new forms of entertainment and leisure were created. New forms of leisure included fine dining, dramatic entertainment, musical concerts, etc.What I found particularly interesting was the degree to which advertising in late-Ottoman society linked Ottoman women to European lifestyles. Ottoman women were directly exposed to European customs and European styles. Still, women were largely subjected to forms of exclusion within the Empire. For instance, even though women were engaging in a way of life that resembled the European lifestyle, Ottoman women were still given separate forms of transportation, rooms specifically for women, and women’s matinees. Still, the increased presence of women in all aspects of Ottoman life brought about questions bout instituting a new dress code. It is important to remember that women’s increased visibility and participation was not fully accepted by all. In many ways, the visibility of women led to greater scrutiny of women and greater debate over the appropriate social boundaries in the Empire. Pelin Basci also points out in her article that Ottoman modernity brought about the association of guilt and decadence with modern consumer practices. The guilt was a result of consumerism during a time in which the Empire’s military was undergoing great losses. As the Empire lost militarily, it also lost territorially.Thus, men and women within the Empire began to accuse one another of irresponsibility related to spending money on consumer goods and leisure activities. Some writers (e. g. Karaosmanolu) believed that women’s engagement with modern lifestyles marked the descent of the Ottoman Empire into corruption and moral chaos. The article by Basci points out a cartoon that I actually came across in another article on this issue. The cartoon portrays the Ottomon nation as a pure and virginal woman who becomes threatened by the gluttony and lust of European influences (Brummet 1998).Many male writers at the decline of the Empire attributed the female attraction to modern lifestyles as catastrophic to the society. However, men also blamed each other, accusing their fellow men of indulging in the lust and gluttony associated with entertainment and leisure. These men believed that leisure had ultimately distracted them from paying attention to their home and their country. By loosing focus on the home, they be lieved that they allowed women to gain too much freedom in economics and politics.Despite the accusations thrown at either side, it seems certain that advertising played a significant role in determining women’s perceptions toward modernity. Women’s publications literally offered them new and intriguing ways of experiencing life and growing personally. However, it is possible that publications such as Women’s World merely revealed a marketplace that was already largely composed of Muslim women who were contracting and offering modern services in a market that was already buzzing with competition.The dynamic between modern consumer culture and women seemed to be based on women’s economic influence as well their political influences. One example of this was the women’s boycott on Austrian goods as a response to Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (Quataert 1983). In terms of the influences that motivated advertisers, it is impor tant to mention that women’s increased economic and political activities was being recognized by merchants. This led to aggressive marketing campaigns targeted directly toward women. The competition to secure the female market led to tensions between players in the markets.One of these tensions could be represented as a general tension between Muslim and non-Muslim businesses. From these religious tensions, certain religious symbols often entered ads in the women’s publications, such as the crescent and star. Other companies focused on nationalistic issues, and emphasized their pride with national issues and with women who purchase domestic products such as food and oil. Some non-Muslim companies took advantage of advertising to emphasize how money spent with Muslim companies would ultimately return to use as guns and bullets in war.In its attempts to overcome social disintegration, the environment in the Ottoman Empire fostered a milieu of economic nationalism, partic ularly among Muslims. This fact may have also led to greater ethnosocial tensions in the society (Balabanis 2001). I highlight this point to demonstrate how advertising played a role in pitting Muslims against non-Muslims. Either way, both saw a common enemy in the Western companies. Paradoxically, this enemy was also a friend of sorts. Ultimately, advertisements targeted toward women can best be seen for their propensity toward a common conflict.This conflict is the conflict between the spread of the modern lifestyle and the ads themselves, which seemed to portray contempt for the overall lack of female participation in the social life of the country. This fact seems to indicate to me that the involvement by women in the social, economic, and political spheres may have not been as pronounced as scholars seem to argue. Granted, it may have increased to a degree, but I see no evidence that this increase was substantial enough to be deemed a descent into â€Å"moral chaos. Still, it is clear that late-Ottoman advertising did seek to appeal to a new type of woman. This woman had a type of agency, and was willing to make her own choices. This was wanted to play an active role in shaping her interactions with the outside world and establishing herself as a viable consumer. It is now believed that the period between the revolution (1908) and World War I marked a time of significant female visibility. Increased visibility came alongside new platforms for women to assert themselves in issues of political and social importance.Since many issues of political and social importance were seen to relate to consumption, women were also establishing firm connections with avenues of consumption and leisure. Ultimately, advertising in the late-Ottoman Empire seemed to be united by a cohesive theme. That theme is, in my opinion, one of heightened self-awareness. As women became more aware of their political and social powers, women also became aware of the disparities between t he different classes, especially the classes of women.Works Cited Basci, Pelin. ‘The New Woman’: Fashion, Beauty, and Health in Women’s World. † International Journal of Turkish Studies 11 (2005). Brummett, Palmira. â€Å"New Woman and Old Nag: Images of Women in the Ottoman Cartoon Space. † Fatma Muge Gocek, ed. , Political Cartoons in the Middle East. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1998. Serpil, Cak’r. Osmanl’ Kad’n Hareketi. (Ottoman Women’s Movement). Istanbul: Metis Yay’nlar’, 1994. Duben, Alan, and Cem Behar. Istanbul Households. Marriage, Family and Fertility 1880–1940. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1991. Jones, Geoffrey. Multinationals and Global Capitalism from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. Quataert, Donald. Social Disintegration and Popular Resistance in the Ottoman Empire, 1881–1908. New York: New York University Press, 1983. Wilkins, Mira. â€Å"Multinational Enterprise to 1930. Discontinuities and Continuities. † In  Leviathans. Multinational Corporations and the New Global History, edited by Chandler Jr. , Alfred D. , and Mazlish Bruce , 45–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Describe your participation in a community outreach activity - Research Paper Example My role in the outreach program was to find out poor people and to help them get the basic necessities of life. It was a great experience for me to participate in an outreach activity. According to my point of view, community and the families hold the major part of the responsibility to help the poor and deprived people and to provide them with healthcare, judicial, and financial support. This is the reason why I participated in that outreach activity. It was basically a NGO with whom I worked. The aim of our NGO was not only to provide the people with instant financial and medical support but also to arrange small business setups for the deserving and skilled people. We were organized in the form of groups, which searched for the poor and deprived people all over the society. The chief coordinator of the NGO, Mr. Mark James, assigned me the roles to help the poor class financially, to provide them with medical and judicial support, and to meet educational and psychological needs of the poor people living in the society. It was great experience for me as it not only helped the poor class belonging to my society but also made me aware of the emotional and psychological needs of the poor people. Today, I feel a complete change in my personality. I love to help the deprived and unprivileged people. I want to make them enjoy life as all other people do. It is due to my participation in that outreach activity that, today, I think about others before thinking about myself in anything I do or wish to do. Apart from all positive aspects and beneficial outcomes of the outreach program, I think that the program needs some improvements in the planning phase. I would recommend a couple of changes in the program. First, the services should not be limited to the people living in our society; rather they should be expanded to poor relatives of our people living in other parts of the world. In this way, more people

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Tennessee V. Garner Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Recruitment Software Specification Essay Example for Free

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Issues in Distributed Computing Introduction Distributed computing empowers profoundly versatile administrations to be effortlessly expended over the Internet on an as-required premise. A real peculiarity of the cloud administrations is that clients information are generally prepared remotely in obscure machines that clients dont possess or work. While appreciating the comfort brought by this new rising innovation, clients apprehensions of losing control of their own information can turn into a noteworthy obstruction to the wide reception of cloud administrations. To address this issue, here, we propose a novel profoundly decentralized data responsibility system to stay informed concerning the real use of the clients information in the cloud. Specifically, we propose an item focused approach that empowers encasing our logging component together with clients information and approaches. 1.1 Introduction Distributed computing displays another approach to supplement the current utilization and conveyance model for IT administrations focused around the Internet, by accommodating rapidly adaptable and frequently virtualized assets as an issue over the Internet. To date, there are various outstanding business and individual distributed computing administrations, including Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, and Sales power. Points of interest of the administrations gave are dreamy from the clients who no more need to be specialists of innovation framework. In addition, clients may not know the machines which really process and host their information. While appreciating the comfort brought by this new engineering, clients likewise begin agonizing over losing control of their own information. The information handled on mists are regularly outsourced, prompting various issues identified with responsibility, including the treatment of by and by identifiable data. Such reasons for alarm are tur ning into a critical boundary to the wide appropriation of cloud administrations. To mollify clients worries, it is fundamental to give a viable instrument to clients to screen the use of their information in the cloud. For instance, clients need to have the capacity to guarantee that their information are taken care of as per the administration level understandings set aside a few minutes they sign on for administrations in the cloud. Customary access control methodologies produced for shut spaces, for example, databases and working frameworks, or methodologies utilizing an incorporated server as a part of conveyed situations, are not suitable, because of the accompanying peculiarities describing cloud situations. To begin with, information taking care of can be outsourced by the immediate cloud administration supplier (CSP) to different substances in the cloud and theories elements can likewise designate the errands to others, etc. Second, elements are permitted to join and leave the cloud in an adaptable way. As an issue, information taking care of in the cloud experiences an unpredictable and element various leveled administration chain which does not exist in ordinary situations. To beat the above issues, we propose a novel methodology, specifically Cloud Information Accountability (CIA) structure, in view of the thought of data responsibility. Dissimilar to security insurance innovations which are based on the conceal it-or-lose-it point of view, data responsibility concentrates on keeping the information utilization straightforward and trackable. Our proposed CIA structure gives end-to-end responsibility in an exceedingly disseminated style. One of the fundamental imaginative peculiarities of the CIA system lies in its capacity of keeping up lightweight and effective responsibility that joins parts of access control, use control and validation. By method for the CIA, information holders can track not just whether the administration level assentions are generally respected, additionally uphold access and utilization control manages as required. Connected with the responsibility characteristic, we likewise create two different modes for evaluating: push mode and draw mode. The push mode alludes to logs being occasionally sent to the information holder or stakeholder while the draw mode alludes to an option approach where by the client (or an alternate approved gathering) can recover the logs as required. The outline of the CIA system presents significant difficulties, including extraordinarily recognizing Csps, guaranteeing the unwavering quality of the log, adjusting to an exceedingly decentralized framework, and so forth. Our essential methodology to tending to these issues is to influence and expand the programmable ability of JAR (Java Archives) records to consequently log the use of the clients information by any element in the cloud. Clients will send their information alongside any strategies, for example, access control approaches and logging arrangements that they need to authorize, encased in JAR records, to cloud administration suppliers. Any right to gain entrance to the information will trigger a computerized and verified logging system neighborhood to the Jars. We allude to this sort of requirement as solid tying since the strategies and the logging system go with the information. This solid tying exists actually when duplicates of the Jars are made; therefore, the clie nt will have control over his information at any area. Such decentralized logging component meets the element nature of the cloud additionally forces challenges on guaranteeing the honesty of the logging. To adapt to this issue, we give the Jars an essential issue of contact which structures a connection in the middle of them and the client. It records the slip redress data sent by the Jars, which permits it to screen the loss of any logs from any of the Jars. Besides, if a JAR is not ready to contact its main issue, any right to gain entrance to its encased information will be denied. 1.2 Problem Formulation Distributed computing empowers a client to get to figuring assets over web. A significant gimmick of the cloud administrations is that clients information is prepared remotely in obscure machines that clients dont claim. As it is over web, clients have alarm of losing control over their information. This is the significant issue with cloud administrations. The information transformed on mists are frequently outsourced, prompting various issues identified with responsibility, including the treatment of by and by identifiable data. Such apprehensions are turning into a critical boundary to the wide appropriation of cloud administrations. 1.3 Objective of the undertaking Protection assurance advances which are based on the shroud it-or-lose-it point of view, so Information Accountability concentrates on keeping the information use straightforward and trackable. So CIA edge work gives end-to-end responsibility in an exceptionally disseminated style. We give log documents to ensure clients information from obscure clients.

Exploring The Culture Of Denmark Sociology Essay

Exploring The Culture Of Denmark Sociology Essay My great, great grandfather, Paul Christian Lautrup, a single, caucasian man of 35, migrated from Denmark to the United States. He came from a wealthy family originating in the Danish culture and was educated to become an architect. He was expected to continue in the occupation that his nuclear family had persuaded him to train for in order to be kept in the family will. If he were to move away and not pursue the career that had been expected of him, he would be removed from the family will and lose all his inheritance. Against his familys wishes, he chose to leave Denmark to escape their career demands and to pursue his own interest. He moved to the United States in 1880 to follow his dream of becoming an actor. He made Washington DC his home, where he met his wife Delia whom he had 6 sons with. Unfortunately, he did not succeed in becoming an actor and settled for becoming an architect in the US. This is rather ironic, because he ended up moving away from Denmark and losing all his inheritance only to become an architect in another land. (Lautrup, Paul). Denmark is a small nation nestled within the Scandinavian countries located on the European continent. Denmark, also known as the Kingdom of Denmark, has a tiny population of roughly 5.3 million citizens with only a 69km land border that is shared with Germany; this is the only land connection that Denmark has with Europe through its only peninsula and largest region, called Jutland. Also, Denmarks main realm has 5 major islands, which support most of Denmarks population, accompanied by 406 minor islands. Only around 90 of the 406 minor islands of Denmark are known to be inhabited. Also, Greenland and the Faroe Islands are part of the Kingdom of Denmark. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) They are both located in the Atlantic Ocean and considered to be autonomous regions within the Kingdom of Denmark; both have very small populations under 100,000 citizens. Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark and is the nations largest city. Copenhagen is also the biggest and most modern city in all of Scandinavia. Scandinavia includes the countries of Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Over 70% of Denmarks population lives in an urban environment, while most of the population consists of people of Danish ethnicity, although there are a growing number of immigrants from Asian and African nations. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The North Sea is to the west of Denmark and the Baltic Sea is to its east. Denmark is separated by its northern, neighboring, Scandinavian nations of Norway and Sweden by the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits. Sweden, the second closest neighbor to the Danes is cut off from Denmark by only 5km of water named the Oresund strait. Denmarks climate is humid and chilly during the winter, with an average temperature of 34 degrees F and during the drier, summer months, the temperature averages 72 degrees F. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Denmark has gently rolling hills with fertile soil that are at a close range to sea level with no true mountains throughout the nation. There are many lakes, rivers, streams and moors, which create an ideal environment for agricultural prospects. There are no extreme changes in climate due to the Gulf Stream that flows up from the south over Denmarks western borders. Since the land is accessible to the sea, it is a prominent supplier to the ship industry is Northern Europe. Denmark has no point on its land that is more than an hours drive from the sea. There are numerous bays and inlets, which creates gainful opportunity for their prosperous shipping industries. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Some especially important Danish landmarks include: The Tivoli Park, the most popular amusement park in Denmark, Fredericksborg Castle, and The Royal Theater. Hans Christian Andersen, known for his fairytales with relatable moral teachings and Karen Blixen, known for short tales and life memoir are among many famous writers of Danish literature. Soccer is Denmarks national sport, but sailing, cycling and rowing are also Danish favorites. The national language is Danish, although, many Danes can speak English and/or German at least on elementary levels. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The Krone is the source of Denmarks monetary exchange and the Euro has not yet been accepted, due to the nations suspicions that switching over to the Euro will have a detrimental effect on their beloved social welfare system, which the citizens of Denmark take great comfort in. Denmark maintains the oldest continual monarchy in Europe and the second oldest in the world. Queen Margrethe II is the current Queen and head of the constitutional monarchy in Denmark. She is only the second queen to rule the monarchy throughout the entire history of Denmark. The Danish community is very proud of their form of government, their royal family and their Dannebrog, which is their national flag. Danes are not a people who are easily insulted, but one way to offend them would be to criticize anything concerning their Dannebrog, royal family or form of government. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The subsistence strategy relied upon most in Denmark today is information. Higher education, the promotion of environmentally green solutions, literature and the fine arts are all very important to the Danish people. (Bendure, Glena, and Ned Friary) Over 77.3% of the jobs held by Danes are part of the information subsistence strategy through service-related jobs. (CIA The World Factbook) Since education is paid for by the heavy taxes the Danish people submit to, it is financially obtainable for anyone with high enough scores to continue their education into any of Denmarks universities. There are 5 universities for the citizens to choose from which include: Copenhagen, Roskilde, Odense, Aaloborg and Arhus Universities. Queene Margrethe II and her son, Crowned Prince Frederik are graduates of the elite Arhus University. Danes also have the option of continuing their education by attending community colleges or vocational technical schools. Some of the occupations that Danes are going to school for include: maritime studies, nursing, physicists, architects, social services, literature, history, religion, photography, teaching or various other information service occupations. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) These jobs all rely on technology and tools such as computers, cameras, high-tech printers, internet connections, satellites, sterilized medical equipment, body-image scanners, reference texts, cell phones, writing utensils, specialized uniforms and printers are just a few examples of the many advanced tools that are necessary for these various fields of information subsistence strategies. For example, a teacher would use tools such as a blackboard, a computer projector, chalk, erasers, videos, books and printers in order to relay information to teach her class a particular subject. Of course, these types of tools and technology are used all over the nation in rural and urban areas, but perhaps slightly more in the densely populated regions. Division of labor can be divided up in a number of ways in regards to the information subsistence strategy. For example, a dean of a college may oversee that the college professors are following the guidelines for teaching classes from the code of ethics in their employee handbooks. The professors oversee the progress of skills and information learned by his/her students. The students attempt to maintain good grades in their class by completing all their schoolwork to the best of their ability. Division of labor usually depends on the socioeconomic status and education acquired. However, in Danish society, social caste or social status does not create an obstacle in regards to whom can do what type of career. The citizens have a silent understanding amongst one another that every individual within the nation is important and should not be treated differently whether the citizen is a doctor or a trash man. The opportunity to pursue an information career is equally welcome to men and women; gender does not hinder occupational roles in Danish society. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The second most important subsistence strategy amongst Danish society is industrialism in which some 20.2% of the population is employed. (CIA The World Factbook) Some examples of the products manufactured are ships, boats, ceramics, silverware, furniture, chemicals, paper, fish products, dairy products, canned ham, electronics, textiles, concrete, marine engines, radio and communication equipment, toys, glass, pharmaceuticals, agriculture/forestry machinery, electrical products and diesel engines. Most of the industrial facilities that produce these Danish goods are located in more urbanized areas throughout the country. Many of these products require special skills used by laborers that have been trained at either a vocational school or through a type of apprenticeship training program paid for by the Danish government. Particular tools and equipment are necessary for creating these products that can include: pulleys, compressors, mixers, castes, hammers, nails, scissors, ovens, k ilns, saws, test tubes, Bunsen burners, beakers, glue, electrical wiring, assembling machines, counting machines, computers, charts, slicing equipment, turbines, converters, nets, sails, anchors, food processors, milking machines and generators. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) For instance, if a plant is producing paper products, large, metal rollers, would need to be used in order to press the paper into the desired thickness. Also, mixers would be used to stir and prepare the paper pulp in order to pour it into the appropriate screening containers. A specialized machine would be necessary to wrap the finished paper product for distribution and sale. Distribution of labor depends on experience, skill level and seniority of the workers involved in the particular industry. Owners of factories and heads of departments oversee the quality and efficiency of production, which is reported from the supervisors. Supervisors organize, direct and monitor manual labor workers in their duties. Manual labor workers attempt to create products at a company-desired rate and quality, while not bearing the responsibility of their overseeing their co-workers. The third of the most important subsistence strategies used in Denmark consists of agriculture. The main products grown in The Kingdom of Denmark include: sugar beets, barely and wheat, grains, rapeseed, fruits, vegetables and flowers. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Agriculture is most commonly practiced by only 2.5% of the population and is normally achieved in rural areas of the country. (CIA The World Factbook) Training apprenticeship programs and information passed down through family generations are used to teach agricultural methods. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Some technologies used for agriculture include items such as combines, separating machinery, generators, irrigation systems, planting machinery, tractors, plows, fertilizing distributors, storage units and computers for analyzing crop quantity and quality. Irrigation systems are used to water the large expanse of crops, plows are used to till the land for preparation of planting seeds and computers are used to keep record of seasonal harvest yields and perhaps even profit margins. There are over 60,000 family-owned farms in Denmark (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) and the division of labor is shared by the family and or corporation that own the farms along with the hired employees who are used for cleaning and fixing equipment, sorting crops, running machinery, irrigation and maintaining the health of the crops. The family or corporation of the agricultural operation oversees the employees or hires a supervisor(s) to ensure that the agricultural laborers are working efficiently. The supervisors or owners of a farm may calculate the quantity of crop and the value it yields per season. The agricultural land owners or supervisors also may keep track of the laborers improvement or lack of effort on the job. The farm laborers will tend to any manual labor that the agricultural operation needs completed while only having to be responsible for their individual production. The division of labor in agriculture is based mostly on skill, seniority and ownership. The fourth most important subsistence strategy in Denmark is pastoralism of which is included in the 2.5% of the nations population that maintains a career in agriculture. (CIA The World Factbook) The animal goods raised and produced in the Kingdom of Denmark include: canned ham, butter, cheese, fish oil, fish meal and milk through the use of fish hatcheries and typically family-owned farms. As in the agricultural subsistence strategy, pastoralism is either passed down through families or learned through an apprenticeship training program. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Some tools used for pastoralism include: fences, watering/feeding troughs, barns, herding rods, milking machines, slaughtering equipment, medical tools, labels, hoof clippers, lead ropes, halters, hoses, generators, heaters and computers. Fences are used to keep the livestock confined to a desired location, animals are put in barns to protect them from predators and the occasional harsh outdoor elements and heaters may be used in the barns to keep a sustained temperature that is more suitable for the livestocks health. As in the agricultural subsistence strategy in Denmark, the division of labor amongst workers in pastoralism is based on skill level, seniority and ownership. For example, the owner of a herd of swine may hire a supervisor or herd manager in order to keep track of the manual laborers and also the efficiency of herd quality, health and maintenance. The owner of the swine operation may calculate yearly profits, upkeep costs and decide what to pay employees based on their skill levels. The employees without management skills, the hired hands or basic herd tenders will be responsible only for the safety, feeding and order of their set group of livestock that they are to have authority over. Denmark has a centralized political organization and maintains a constitutional monarchy as a political model. A constitutional monarchy can only be led by offspring of the current king or queen after he or she is deceased. It is a requirement for the king or queen of Denmark to be a member of the national church. A single-chamber parliamentary runs hand-in-hand with the constitutional monarchy. The prime minister, currently known as Lars Lokke Rasmussen, leads Denmarks political organization with the indirect support of all 179 parliament members and direct assistance from the cabinet ministers who lead numerous political departments throughout the nation. Voting age in Denmark is 18 and all parliament members are elected for a term of 4 years, unless state minister forces a new election before the 4 years is completed. It is the duty of the members of parliament to come to consensus on decisions to enact or not enact new legislation and the duty of the prime minister to carry the d ecision to action, however new legislation cannot be enacted fully until Queen Margrethe II writes her finalizing signature on it. There are typically around 12 political parties that make up the single-chamber parliamentary system of the Danes. The top 2 of these major political parties consist of Social Democrats and Liberals-a right-of-centre part. Social Democrats seem to be the most popular considering the fact that they are tied heavily to the belief that all Danish citizens should be granted security by maintaining the comforts of social-welfare programs, but of course, these are safety features only made possible by very high taxes to the Danish people. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The royal constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Margrethe II has control of the executive powers, while legislative powers are for the most part, granted to the parliament and judicial powers are carried out by the courts of Denmark. Denmarks military branches include: a home guard, an air force, a navy and a national rescue corps. Military members are usually enlisted for 4 months to a year of service. During war times, the Danish military acquires 58,000 members, but during peace times, there are roughly fifteen thousand participating members. The Danish military ranks are usually based on mandatory enrollment in order to be ready when an emergency arises. Denmarks police force has about 10,000 law enforcement officers who are known for their more civilized, calmer approaches to domestic disputes by using advanced communication skills and maintaining close, positive relationships with the overall communities they work in. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) One form of internal political control in Denmark is the enforcement of laws through the judiciary court systems. Although, crime in Denmark is very low and it is not normal for a Dane to even consider breaking the basic laws of the land. An example of externalized political control would be the decision of the Danish Parliament to not accept the Euro as Denmarks new currency, even though Denmark is a member of the European Union. Internalized political responsibilities of Denmarks parliament involve the maintenance of social welfare programs that protect all Danish citizens regardless of socioeconomic status. The externalized responsibility of the parliament consists of maintaining peaceful political connections with the European Union and other nations in regards to preserving a secure way of life for its citizens and also keeping a cohesive relationship with national allies for added protection. After all, Denmark is a very small nation and it would be beneficial to preserve as mu ch peace with as many nations as possible. (Bendure, Glena, and Ned Friary) The economic system of Denmark is based on negative reciprocity due to the use of capitalism throughout the nation. Capitalism is used by the Danes to generate profit through sales of products from private businesses and corporations to customers. Redistribution is also used throughout the Danish culture in the form of health care and educational needs. Danish pay high taxes that allow them to enjoy the freedoms of free health care and education of any type. This allows the Danish citizens to give and take as they need, for example, all citizens are taxed regardless of how much income they generate, but it is possible that not all of them will use the free education opportunities or the free health care services during their lifetimes. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Market exchange is also used through capitalism in Denmark in regards to having the freedom to set up a private business and gain profit from it without limit, which is a prime example of capitalistic market exchange. Denmark uses both socialism and capitalism, but the predominant economic system would have to be capitalism. This is true, because Danes are free to pursue their own interests through careers that will allow them to generate profit without limit to the individual. Although, socialism is prevalent in the way Denmark controls and maintains social welfare for the citizens in order to provide free and easily accessible, equal-quality health care and education to all Danish citizens regardless of social or economic status, gender, religion or ethnicity. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The primary economic sector, which involves extraction of resources form the land, also known as mainly agriculture in Denmark, makes up 2.5% Danish employment. (CIA The World Factbook) A few of Denmarks exports consist of canned ham, butter, cheeses, beer and processed fish products of which are brought forth through agriculture, pastoralism and industry. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The nations secondary economic sector, which involves processing of goods, also known as industry makes up 20.2% of the Danish workforce. (CIA The World Factbook) Denmark manufactures machinery, chemicals, furniture, electronics of which are exported all over the world. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) The tertiary economic sector, which involves services, makes up 77.3% of the working Danish population. (CIA The World Factbook) A few of Denmarks popular service industry jobs are found in the fields of architecture, nursing, teaching, physics, environmental science, literature and social sciences. Denmark enjoys the highest Gross Domestic Product in Europe and maintains one of the highest standards of living for its citizens compared to all nations in the world. Unemployment is very low and over half the country is employed with the reassurance that health care and education will not be a challenge to pay for. Denmark relies heavily on the income from its exports and puts a great deal of value on maintaining its social welfare programs. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Denmarks most common religious organization is Evangelical Lutheran, of which over 90% of Danish citizens belong to. Evangelical Lutheran is a denomination that is part of a national church, supported by the state called the Danish Peoples Church. Only about 5% of Danish people actually attend church weekly; most Danes only participate in church services during important religious holidays such as Christmas or Easter. Evangelical Lutheranism is a monotheistic religion, which means that they worship only one god. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Other religious organizations that exist in Denmark consist of Catholicism, Judaism and Islam, which also practice monotheism. Also, a small percentage practice forms of religious organizations such as Buddhism, Sikhism and Hinduism, which promote polytheism, the worship of many gods. It is ironic that the overall Danish society does not have a strong faith in the god or gods of their religious choice, yet at birth most of the country is automatically enrolled as a member of the national church, also known as the Danish Peoples Church. Their enrollment is expected unless they belong to a religion other than Evangelical Lutheran. It is a requirement that the current king or queen of Denmark be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran religious organization. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Danish churches are typically located in close proximity to all Danish towns and are encompassed by graveyards. Evangelical Lutheran religious organizations have sermons and worship in churches on Sundays. Their ceremonies include a minister, a servant, an organist and a cantor. Evangelical Lutheran important ritualistic ceremonies include: weddings, confirmations, funerals and baptisms. It is expected that most Danish churches have fairly low attendance rates during Sunday services. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Throughout the Danish social organization, monogamy, the practice of marriage to single spouse, is the most accepted and nationally predominant form of union. Marriage is important in regards to the most common form of religion in Denmark, Evangelical Lutheranism, yet because Danes are not known for being highly involved in the practices of their religious organizations, there is a loose view on marriage and when it should be chosen, if at all. It is common for a Dane to cohabitate for years, have offspring and not be married until many years after. Therefore, it is not uncommon for Danish households to have illegitimate children born outside of wedlock. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) If Danes do decide to marry, it is usually not until they are in their very late twenties or early thirties. Danes do not participate in arranged marriages, an event where parents choose a marriage partner for offspring, instead, single Danes choose their own marriage partners through the anthropological term love match. Endogamy, marriage created within ones own organized cultural group, is practiced in Denmark as well as exogamy, marriage outside ones own organized cultural group. Most often, Danes marry other Danes of their own ethnicity, yet those who choose to marry outside of Denmark or ones ethnicity is not condemned within the Danish societal organization. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Post-marital residence, pertaining to where a bride and groom reside after their marriage ceremony, only pertains to the Danish societal organization in the sense that marriage partners typically practice neolocal forms. A neolocal form of post-marital residence can be defined as the event of taking residence in a home that is set apart from the married couples families. Other forms of post-marital residence, such as patrilocal, the act of a married couple living close to or with the married males family of his father, or matrilocal, the practice of both marriage partners residing with or in close proximity to the married females family of her mother, are not commonly practiced. Marriage in modern Denmark societal organization, is not required, nor is it a high priority. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Therefore, post-marital residence is not of great importance, It is only on a neolocal sense, considering that Danes learn to be very independent at a very early age, while maintaining a close-knit family on an emotional level. The most important family type for Danes is the nuclear families containing dependent children, a wife and a husband. Even though the idea of marriage in the Danish societal organization is very loose and laid-back, out of all couples living together in Denmark, most of them are in fact married. Extended family, consisting of aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents and other individuals with marriage or blood relating them, are also important, but not as high a priority as the nuclear family. Most Danish nuclear families are small, having two or less dependant offspring. Privacy is valued greatly by Danes, especially when it comes to the nuclear familys home. It is rare for a Danish family to invite a guest to their home whom they have not known for a great while . (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) Each of the nuclear family members generally has their own private room in the home along with the rooms for meeting, such as the kitchen and larger family rooms. In Denmarks societal organization, descent is traced by using a lineage, which is used by connecting all ancestors back to a single, original ancestor. Descent in Denmark is traced in this way, because last names are important links to ancestry. Although last names are taken from the male within a married couple, patrilineal descent, tracing only by acknowledging male individuals as ancestors, is not used, because all genders are included when tracing Danish ancestry. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) When referring to kin, relatives connected by marriage or blood, Danish citizens value ties with both the mothers and the fathers side of the family, which is called bilateral kinship. Bilateral kinship is important for Danes, because both nuclear and extended family, regardless of mother or fathers side, builds a cohesive unit of strength emotionally, sometimes financially and offers support that is not commonly expected outside of family ties. National polls and summaries do not generally include information in regards to socio-economic classes, instead Denmarks citizens are divided up into 5 social layers. These social layers consist of subcategories within each layer. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) The first social layer consists of corporate owners, employees of the educational system and anyone that has over 50 workers. The second social layer involves academically professional owners of businesses, agricultural owners with at least 4 employees and corporate owners that have over 6 workers. The third social layer includes small business owners, individuals with employment that calls for special skills and agricultural owners with a limit of 3 workers. The fourth social layer is made up of employees containing academic training, owners of small plots of land and experienced employees. The fifth social layer consists of employees with no special skills or experience. (HOG, ERLING, and HELLE JOHANNESSEN) Denmark, as a social organization, is very tolerant of other peoples ways of perceiving life and is considered to be outgoing and well-educated. Danes are very accepting of homosexual marriage and equality of the sexes. Denmark was the first European nation to allow for legal gay marriages within its borders offering homosexuals the majority of rights granted to straight married couples. Danes are very conscientious when it comes to preserving a clean, toxic-free environment. (Bendure, Glenda, and Ned Friary) A recent news article summarizes a protest put on by Greenpeace activists at the Environment Ministry in Denmark. This article was used for this research paper, because Danes are very involved in environmental policies in regards to keeping the planet as clean and sustainable as possible. The article was personally interesting, because Denmark is one of the most environmentally conscious nations on the planet and I was curious to see how they react to the disposing of harmful waste products. The Greenpeace activists were protesting the transport of a poisonous pollutant called HCB from an Australian company named Orica. The Kommunekemi in Nyborg, Denmark is one of a small number of companies in the world that is able to incinerate the hazardous carcinogen, HCB. The Greenpeace activists argued that hazardous waste materials should be incinerated closer to the point to which they are processed. This is just one of many examples of the Danish cultures desire for a cleaner and greener pl anet. (Greenpeace Goes Aloft to Protest Transport from Down Under) Danes are also known to love their most famous amusement park, Tivoli. This amusement park is located in Copenhagen and is the most popular attraction in Denmark. The park was built in 1914 and maintains a dà ©cor and cuisine that is based on the historical, traditional Danish culture of the time the park first opened. Some Danes pay the parks entry cost just to eat at a few of the thirty-seven restaurants within the park. The park has roller coasters, games, gardens and various amusements and entertainment. (Copenhagen, Denmark) Danish people are in love with the concept of social gatherings combined with eating and the two almost always go hand-in-hand. It is customary for a Danish household to always have tea, chocolates, pastries and cheese just in case guests arrive unexpectedly. Their meals often consist of three or more courses and it is considered a crime to oneself to not savor and take time to enjoy ones meal. Danes love rich, whole foods of which often include broiled or marinated fish, thick and creamy cheeses, hearty breads, substantial gravies and delectable deserts. Hot tea is often served with milk and honey and it is customary to leave the last bit of food in a main communal dish when eating. This is a symbolic action of politeness to show that nobody is selfish or rushed during the meal. The Danish culture is known for being one of the happiest cultures on earth. They are generally friendly, warm and open to communication with strangers. Recently, Denmark has incorporated many American concepts, products, stores and fast-food conveniences into their societal organization. Unfortunately, they are also gaining a few of the health problems that are associated with the introduction of American culture into their nation. However, despite the Danes cultural borrowing, they still have a strong sense of uniqueness through a proud society that shows compassion for its citizens and welcomes visitors. (Waldron, Julie)